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The Venomous Snakes of Malaysia |
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In Malaysia, three primary types of venomous snakes pose a threat: the
cobra, the viper, and the sea snake. Each snake inflicts distinct symptoms
due to the varying toxins present in their venom.
Snakebites are relatively uncommon in Malaysia compared to other regions of
Asia and Africa. This can be attributed to the widespread use of protective
footwear among the rural population. However, when snakebites do occur, they
most frequently target the hands and arms or the legs and feet.
Interestingly, not every bite from a cobra results in the release of venom.
Research indicates that a significant proportion, possibly up to 45% of all
cases in Malaysia, are "blank" cobra bites. Similarly, snake charmers in
India often fall victim to their cobras, and a study revealed that one out
of three snake charmers bitten by king cobras showed no signs of
envenomation.
When a cobra bites, it can inflict two types of suffering: a direct bite or
spitting jets of venom, typically targeting the eyes from distances of up to
3 meters. This action is known as spitting.
The venom of a cobra contains neurotoxins that lead to cell death and
degeneration in the area of the bite. Sometimes, this degeneration may be
the sole indication of a cobra bite, usually appearing within 48 hours.
Immediate pain around the bite, darkening of the skin, blistering, and a
characteristic putrid smell are also common symptoms. The affected area may
progressively swell. If the neurotoxin enters the bloodstream, drowsiness,
nausea, vomiting, salivation, and even euphoria may occur. Additionally,
shortness of breath and respiratory paralysis can ensue, potentially leading
to death within 24 hours or even minutes. Frothing around the mouth is also
a possibility.
Vipers possess long fangs that remain folded against their upper jaw. When
they strike, the fangs stand erect. There are two groups of vipers: typical
vipers and pit vipers. Pit vipers possess a specialized sensory organ
between their nostrils and eyes, aiding in prey detection. The venom of
vipers is haematoxic, meaning it affects the circulatory system.
Following a viper bite, intense pain and swelling manifest at the site,
often accompanied by oozing blood. The toxin then spreads throughout the
body, affecting the clotting factors and causing bleeding. This bleeding can
occur from the mouth, nose, anus, and beneath the skin. The toxin damages
blood vessels, leading to a slow spread. In the final stages, blood vessel
collapse becomes apparent, resulting in cold skin, a rapid and feeble pulse,
and a gradual loss of consciousness.
Sea snakes, contrary to their aggressive reputation, only bite when
provoked. Nearly 80% of sea snake bites do not inject venom. Unlike cobras
or vipers, sea snake bites may be painless and devoid of swelling, causing
individuals to overlook them.
Nonetheless, the venom of sea snakes is highly potent, containing
neurotoxins and myotoxins. Neurotoxins can induce paralysis similar to that
caused by cobras, while myotoxins lead to muscle death and degeneration,
breaking down the muscles and releasing myoglobin and potassium into the
bloodstream. As a result, urine color may change to reddish-brown due to the
presence of myoglobin.
If bitten by any of these poisonous snakes, it is crucial to remain calm and
limit movement to minimize venom circulation. Remove rings, watches, and
bracelets to accommodate swelling. If possible, immobilize the bitten area
with a splint. Keep the affected area below the heart level. Immediate
medical assistance is essential as anti-venom will be necessary. Refrain
from applying a tourniquet, using a cold compress, or attempting to suck out
the venom with your mouth. It is crucial to avoid any attempts to excise the
bite with a knife.
Remember, prompt medical attention is vital in cases of snakebite. By
understanding the characteristics of venomous snakes in Malaysia and their
respective bites, you can take appropriate measures to mitigate the effects
and seek the necessary treatment. Stay cautious and informed when venturing
into snake-prone areas to ensure your safety and well-being. |
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